Gastrointestinal Issues in Depression, Anxiety, and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review on Pathways and Clinical Targets Implications.

INTRODUCTION: Multiple illnesses commonly involve both the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Gastrointestinal Tract (GI) simultaneously. Consistent evidence suggests that neurological disorders impair GI tract function and worsen the symptomatology and pathophysiology of digestive disorders. On the other hand, it has been proposed that early functional changes in the GI tract contribute to the genesis of several CNS illnesses. Additionally, the role played by the gut in these diseases can be seen as a paradigm for how the gut and the brain interact. METHODS: We mentioned significant GI symptoms and discussed how the GI tract affects central nervous system illnesses, including depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease in this study. We also explored potential pathophysiological underpinnings and novel targets for the creation of future therapies targeted at gut-brain connections. RESULTS & DISCUSSION: In this situation, modulating the gut microbiota through the administration of fecal microbiota transplants or probiotics may represent a new therapeutic option for this population, not only to treat GI problems but also behavioral problems, given the role that dysbiosis and leaky gut play in many neurological disorders. CONCLUSION: Accurate diagnosis and treatment of co-existing illnesses also require coordination between psychiatrists, neurologists, gastroenterologists, and other specialties, as well as a thorough history and thorough physical examination.

Intranasal in situ gelling liquid crystal for delivery of resveratrol ameliorates memory and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an illness that affects people aged 65 or older and affects around 6.5 million in the United States. Resveratrol is a chemical obtained from natural products and it exhibits biological activity based on inhibiting the formation, depolymerization of the amyloid, and decreasing neuroinflammation. Due to the insolubility of this compound; its incorporation in surfactant-based systems was proposed to design an intranasal formulation. A range of systems has been produced by mixing oleic acid, CETETH-20 and water. Polarised light microscopy (PLM), small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirm the initial liquid formulation (F) presented as microemulsion (ME). After dilution, the gelled systems were characterized as hexagonal mesophase and they showed feasibility proprieties. Pharmacological assays performed after intranasal administration showed the ability to improve learning and memory in animals, as well as remission of neuroinflammation via inhibition of interleukin.

DYRK1A Inhibitors and Perspectives for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia, especially in the elderly. Due to the increase in life expectancy, in recent years, there has been an excessive growth in the number of people affected by this disease, causing serious problems for health systems. In recent years, research has been intensified to find new therapeutic approaches that prevent the progression of the disease. In this sense, recent studies indicate that the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) gene, which is located on chromosome 21q22.2 and overexpressed in Down syndrome (DS), may play a significant role in developmental brain disorders and early onset neurodegeneration, neuronal loss and dementia in DS and AD. Inhibiting DYRK1A may serve to stop the phenotypic effects of its overexpression and, therefore, is a potential treatment strategy for the prevention of ageassociated neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer-type pathology. OBJECTIVE: In this review, we investigate the contribution of DYRK1A inhibitors as potential anti-AD agents. METHODS: A search in the literature to compile an in vitro dataset including IC50 values involving DYRK1A was performed from 2014 to the present day. In addition, we carried out structure-activity relationship studies based on in vitro and in silico data. RESULTS: molecular modeling and enzyme kinetics studies indicate that DYRK1A may contribute to AD pathology through its proteolytic process, reducing its kinase specificity. CONCLUSION: further evaluation of DYRK1A inhibitors may contribute to new therapeutic approaches for AD.

Viral Hepatitis A, B and C in a Group of Transgender Women in Central Brazil.

Transgender women (TGW) have limited access to affordable viral hepatitis testing, hepatitis B vaccination, and treatment. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of viral hepatitis A, B, and C, as well as to compare the adherence and immunogenicity of two hepatitis B vaccine schedules among TGW in Central Brazil. A total of 440 TGW were interviewed and tested for hepatitis A, B, and C serological markers from 2017 to 2018. The hepatitis B vaccine was offered to 230 eligible TGW: 112 received a super accelerated hepatitis B vaccine schedule (G1) and 118 a standard schedule (G2). The antibody against the hepatitis A virus (HAV) was detected in 75.63% of the participants, and 12.3% of the TGW were exposed to the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Two (0.46%) participants were HBV carriers. Only 41.5% of the participants showed a serological profile of hepatitis B vaccination. The antibody against the hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was found in six participants (1.37%). Of the TGW who received the first vaccine dose, 62 (55.36%) and 49 (41.52%) in G1 and G2, respectively, received three doses (p = 0.036). The vaccine response was evaluated in 28 G1 and 22 G2 TGW; of these, 89.3% and 100% developed protective anti-hepatitis B surface-antigen titers, respectively (p = 0.113). Since one-third of younger transgender women are susceptible to HAV, hepatitis B immunization is low, and the anti-HCV rate is higher in this group than in the general population in Central Brazil, public-health attention is warranted. The super-accelerated scheme demonstrated better adhesion and good immunogenicity, suggesting that it would be a more cost-effective solution.

Geraniol accelerates the gastric healing, minimizes ulcers recurrence, and reduces anxiolytic-like behavior in ulcerated rodents by oral or inhaled route.

BACKGROUND: Geraniol (GE) is dietary acyclic monoterpene alcohol found in essential oils from aromatic plants with therapeutic value against gastric ulcers already described. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE: To assess whether oral GE accelerates gastric healing or prevents ulcer recurrence, and to evaluate the hypothesis that GE promotes antiulcer effects by the inhaled route and that promotes changes in the behavior of ulcerated rodents. METHODS: Gastric healing effects, underlining mechanisms, and behavioral changes were measured in80% acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer model in rats receiving GE by oral (30 mg/kg) or inhaled route (1 mg/L of air/min); whereas the effects of GE to avoid ulcer recurrence was evaluated in mice submitted to 10% acetic acid plus IL-1ß ulcer. RESULTS: GE administered by both routes accelerates gastric healing, increasing mucin and GSH levels, CAT, and GST activities, and reducing MPO activity. Moreover, oral, and inhaled GE minimized ulcer recurrence reducing gastric TNF and IL-6 levels and preserving mucin levels. Interestingly, the inhalation or oral intake of GE promotes anxiolytic-like effects in ulcerated rats. CONCLUSION: Data altogether suggest that the GE accelerates gastric healing through the strengthening of protective factors of the gastric mucosa, promoting a quality healing that reduces the recurrence of the lesion. Besides, the anxiolytic-like effect of GE may also contribute to its gastric healing action since anxiety is recognized as one of the etiologic agents of ulcers.

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC Hydroalcoholic Extract Improves Intestinal and Hippocampal Inflammation and Decreases Behavioral Changes of Colitis Mice.

The hydroalcoholic extract of B. dracunculifolia (HEBD) and its major compound p-coumaric acid were evaluated against the severity of intestinal inflammation and behavioral changes like depressive and anxious behavior in colitis mice. Colitis was induced in Swiss mice by oral dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) administration for five days. The mice received vehicle (10 ml/kg), HEBD (3, 30, or 300 mg/kg), or p-coumaric acid (15 mg/kg) orally, once a day for twelve days. Behavioral tests were performed on the 11th and 12th days after the beginning of the treatments. Moreover, the colon, cortex, and hippocampus were collected to analyze oxidative and inflammatory parameters. The treatment with HEBD (300 mg/Kg), but not p-coumaric acid, showed decreased disease activity index (DAI) values compared to the vehicle group and partially preserved the villi architecture and mucin levels. Furthermore, the HEBD increased the antioxidant defenses in the colon and hippocampus and reduced the myeloperoxidase activity and IL-6 levels in the colon from colitis mice. Colitis mice treated with HEBD did not show depressive-like behavior in the tail suspension test. HEBD reduced colon inflammation, while it maintains antioxidant defenses and mucin levels in this tissue. It may reduce neuropsychiatric comorbidities associated with colitis through its antioxidant effects.

Antidepressant-like effect of caffeic acid: Involvement of the cellular signaling pathways

Abstract Caffeic acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in plants and beverages such as coffee. Although its mechanism of action is poorly understood, caffeic acid reportedly induces antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of cellular signaling pathways in acute antidepressant-like effect induced by caffeic acid in mice. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the UNIVALI n. 021/2013. Female Swiss mice were administered with vehicle, caffeic acid (5 mg/ kg, p.o.), inhibitor (H-89, U0126, chelerythrine, or PD9859, i.c.v.) or caffeic acid plus inhibitor. The behavioral effects were evaluated 1h after the administration of compounds to mice using tail suspension test (TST) and open field test (OFT). The results showed that the antidepressant- like effect of caffeic acid in mice was possibly mediated by the activation of PKA, MEK 1/2, PKC and MAPK (as assessed using TST), without compromising their locomotor activity (as assessed using OFT). Our results demonstrated, at least in part, the pathways involved in the neuroprotective and behavioral effects of caffeic acid.

Phytochemical Analysis and Antinociceptive Properties of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Aleurites moluccanus Bark.

Aleurites moluccanus is used in folk medicine to treat many diseases including pain and inflammatory processes in general. Considering the potential of the leaf extract, evidenced in a previous study, the present study investigates the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydroethanolic extract of A. moluccanus bark and isolated compounds in animal models of pain. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of A. moluccanus bark were evaluated through hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, PGE2, cytokines, bradykinin, epinephrine, Freund's complete adjuvant, and lipopolysaccharide. Five compounds were isolated from the dichloromethane bark extract: acetyl aleuritolic acid, atraric acid, spruceanol, (5ß,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one and sonderianol. To optimize the extraction conditions, ethanol 50, 70, and 90°GL were used as extracting solvent, in a 1 : 20 (w/v) drug : solvent ratio, under stirring at room temperature for 4 h. The extracts were named AMC50, AMC70, and AMC90, respectively. These extracts were administered to mice (250 mg/kg, p. o.) with reduced mechanical hyperalgesia activity in the carrageenan test. Of these, AMC90 showed the best results. Pure (5ß,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one showed a beneficial effect for up to 48 hours after the administration of carrageenan, while acetyl aleuritolic acid was effective only in the first hour. AMC90 was able to reverse the analgesia induced only by prostaglandin E2 and tumor necrosis factor. We also induced hyperalgesia using the lipopolysaccharide and Freund's complete adjuvant models, with positive results. These results support the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of A. moluccanus bark extract. The observed effects are partly due to the presence of acetyl aleuritolic acid, atraric acid, and (5ß,10α)-12-hydroxy-13-methoxy-8,11,13-podocarpatrien-3-one.

Travestis and transsexual women: who are at higher risk for sexually transmitted infections?

OBJECTIVE: To compare social characteristics, risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections among travestis and transsexual women. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was carried out in three cities in Goiás, Central Brazil. Trans women were interviewed on sociodemographic characteristics, discrimination, prejudice, sexual behavior, illicit drugs, and previous testing for HIV and syphilis between April 2018 and August 2019. RESULTS: A total of 166 travestis and 249 transsexual women were investigated. Although sexual, physical, and verbal violence were common to both groups, sexual behavior, use of illicit drugs, prison, and previous positive HIV and syphilis testing were more frequent among travestis than in transsexual women. CONCLUSION: The present findings confirm that Brazilian travestis are at greater risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI), indicating that health services should take this imbalance into account in terms of health intervention proportions.

Praziquantel pharmacotherapy reduces systemic osteopontin levels and liver collagen content in murine schistosomiasis mansoni.

The pathogenesis of schistosomiasis and the mechanism of disease regression after Praziquantel pharmacotherapy are not fully elucidated. Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens directly stimulate the expression of the profibrogenic molecule osteopontin (OPN), and systemic OPN levels strongly correlate with disease severity, suggesting its use as a potential morbidity biomarker. In this study, we investigated the impact of Praziquantel use on systemic OPN levels and on liver collagen deposition in chronic murine schistosomiasis. Praziquantel treatment significantly reduced systemic OPN levels and liver collagen deposition, indicating that OPN could be a reliable tool for monitoring PZQ efficacy and fibrosis regression in murine schistosomiasis.

Usnic acid enantiomers restore cognitive deficits and neurochemical alterations induced by Aß1-42 in mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia with a complex pathophysiology not fully elucidated but with limited pharmacological treatment. The Usnic acid (UA) is a lichen secondary metabolite found in two enantiomeric forms: (R)-(+)-UA or (S)-(-)-UA, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Thus, given the role of neuroinflammation and oxidative injury in the AD, this study aimed to investigate experimentally the cognitive enhancing and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of UA enantiomers. First, the interactions of UA on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was assessed by molecular docking and its inhibitory capability on AChE was assessed in vitro. In vivo trials investigated the effects of UA enantiomers in mice exposed to Aß1-42 peptide (400 pmol/mice) intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.). For this, mice were treated orally during 24 days with (R)-(+)-UA or (S)-(-)-UA at 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg, vehicle, or donepezil (2 mg/kg). Animals were submitted to the novel object recognized, Morris water maze, and inhibitory-avoidance task to assess the cognitive deficits. Additionally, UA antioxidant capacity and neuroinflammatory biomarkers were measured at the cortex and hippocampus from mice. Our results indicated that UA enantiomers evoked complex-receptor interaction with AChE like galantamine in silico. Also, UA enantiomers improved the learning and memory of the animals and in parallel decreased the myeloperoxidase activity and the lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) on the cortex and hippocampus and reduced the IL-1ß levels on the hippocampus. In summary, UA restored the cognitive deficits, as well as the signs of LOOH and neuroinflammation induced by Aß1-42 administration in mice.

Plumieride exerts anxiolytic-like effect mediated by GABAergic and monoaminergic systems.

Plumieride (PLU), an iridoid isolated from Allamanda cathartica flowers, has been studied by our research group due to its anti-inflammatory potential, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects. This research investigated the involvement of GABAergic and monoaminergic systems in the anxiolytic-like effect elicited by PLU. Therefore, mice were pre-treated with GABAergic, serotonergic, adrenergic or dopaminergic receptor antagonists (i.p.), and exposed to Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) and Open-Field Test (OFT). The preliminary results revealed that PLU (p.o.) possibly interacts with the mentioned systems through the GABAA, GABAB, 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, α1, α2, and D2 receptors.

Travestis and transsexual women: who are at higher risk for sexually transmitted infections? / Travestis e mulheres transexuais: quem tem maior risco de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis?

ABSTRACT: Objective: To compare social characteristics, risk behaviors, and sexually transmitted infections among travestis and transsexual women. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in three cities in Goiás, Central Brazil. Trans women were interviewed on sociodemographic characteristics, discrimination, prejudice, sexual behavior, illicit drugs, and previous testing for HIV and syphilis between April 2018 and August 2019. Results: A total of 166 travestis and 249 transsexual women were investigated. Although sexual, physical, and verbal violence were common to both groups, sexual behavior, use of illicit drugs, prison, and previous positive HIV and syphilis testing were more frequent among travestis than in transsexual women. Conclusion: The present findings confirm that Brazilian travestis are at greater risk for sexually transmitted infections (STI), indicating that health services should take this imbalance into account in terms of health intervention proportions.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Comparar características sociais, comportamentos de risco e infecções sexualmente transmissíveis entre travestis e mulheres transexuais. Métodos: Estudo transversal conduzido em três cidades de Goiás, Brasil Central. De abril de 2018 a agosto de 2019, foram entrevistadas mulheres trans a respeito de características sociodemográficas, discriminação, preconceito, comportamentos sexuais, drogas ilícitas e testagem prévia para HIV e sífilis. Resultados: Um total de 166 travestis e 249 mulheres transexuais foram investigadas. Embora as violências sexual, física e verbal fossem comuns para ambos os grupos, comportamentos sexuais, uso de drogas ilícitas, prisão e teste positivo para HIV e sífilis foram mais frequentes entre as travestis quando comparadas às mulheres transexuais. Conclusão: Os presentes resultados ratificam que as travestis brasileiras apresentam maior risco para infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST); portanto, os gestores de saúde devem levar em conta esse desequilíbrio nas propostas de medidas de intervenção em saúde.

Aspects of protection and social vulnerability of teenagers in public all-day schools.

OBJECTIVE: identify and analyze aspects related to social vulnerability of a group of teenagers of a public all-day school with regard to harmful and abusive use of psychoactive drugs. METHODS: a strategic social study, with a qualitative approach, was carried out with 49 teenagers of a public all-day secondary school. Focus groups were carried out between 2016 and 2017, and the resulting material was transcribed and analyzed by means of thematic content analysis, resulting in the following categories: The family I come from; Birds of a feather; If I'm studying, how can I work?; Drugs: a non-parallel universe. RESULTS: social vulnerability was associated with unequal income distribution, fragile social relations affected by the harmful use of drugs and vulnerability of public all-day schools. Final considerations: all-day schools did not appear as an effective tool to break away with the context of social vulnerability regarding the use of drugs.

Effects of 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihidrochalcone on innate inflammatory response.

Chalcones present potential therapeutic activities reported on literature, which led us to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and the acute toxicity of 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone (DHMDC) using in vitro and in vivo models. The anti-inflammatory activity was firstly in vitro investigated using macrophages (RAW 264.7) and neutrophils previously treated with DHMCD activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Nitrite, IL-1ß, and TNF levels were measured in the macrophage culture supernatant, and the adhesion molecule expression (CD62L, CD49D, and CD18) was evaluated in neutrophils. Then, carrageenan-induced inflammation was performed in the subcutaneous tissue of male Swiss mice. Leukocyte migration and histological analysis were performed in the pouches. Toxicological studies were carried out on female Swiss mice (600 mg/kg) through biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis. In vitro, the DHMCD significantly reduced the IL-1ß, TNF, and nitrite levels. The DHMCD was also able to modulate the percentage of positive neutrophils for CD62L, without modifying the expression of CD18 or CD49d. In vivo, DHMCD (3 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced neutrophil migration to inflammatory exudate and subcutaneous tissue. No evidence of toxic effect was observed considering the biochemical parameters and histopathological analysis of liver and kidney. Together, the obtained data shows that DHMCD presents anti-inflammatory activity by modulating the macrophage inflammatory protein secretion and also by blocking the CD62L cleavage in neutrophils. Furthermore, there was not any evidence of toxic effect in acute toxicological analysis.

Antidepressant-like effect of hydroalcoholic extract from barks of Rapanea ferruginea: Role of monoaminergic system and effect of its isolated compounds myrsinoic acid A and B.

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly disabling condition and has been linked to increased inflammatory mediators. Hydroalcoholic extract from barks of Rapanea ferruginea (HEBRF) and the majoritary compounds-myrsinoic acid A (MAA) and B (MAB)-have been studied due to their anti-inflammatory potential, but there is no evidence about its antidepressant-like effects. This research investigated the HEBRF, MAA, and MAB antidepressant-like effect, besides the involvement of the monoaminergic system and MAO-A activity in the HEBRF antidepressant-like effect. HEBRF (50-300 mg/kg, p.o.), MAA (5-30 mg/kg, p.o.) or MAB (3-60 mg/kg, p.o.) were administrated to mice, and behavioral parameters were assessed using the tail suspension test (TST), splash test (ST) and open field test (OFT). The involvement of monoaminergic system in the HEBRF antidepressant-like effect was established through the pretreatment of mice with antagonists. The influence triggered by HEBRF in the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity was evaluated in the hippocampus (HIP) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice. HEBRF (100-300 mg/kg) promoted antidepressant-like effect in the TST and augmented the total time of grooming in the ST, without compromising the locomotor activity. Pretreatment of mice with serotoninergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic antagonists, reversed the HEBRF antidepressant-like effect. Besides, HEBRF inhibited the MAO-A activity in the HIP and PFC. Moreover, MAA (5 mg/kg) and MAB (3 mg/kg) also promoted antidepressant-like and anti-anhedonic effects in mice. Data showed that monoaminergic system is involved in the HEBRF antidepressant-like effect, besides MAA and MAB possibly could be responsible for these pharmacological effects.

Structure-activity relationships of sulfonamides derived from carvacrol and their potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

Five synthetic sulfonamides derived from carvacrol, a natural product and a small molecule with druglike properties, were evaluated with respect to their effects on the cognitive deficits of animals with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). Memory, ambulation, anxiety and oxidative stress were evaluated. In vitro assays were performed to assess the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the data were combined with molecular docking for the establishment of structure-activity relationships. The memories of animals treated with the compounds derived from morpholine (1), hydrazine (3) and 2-phenol (5) were improved. Compound 3 was the most promising, yielding excellent results in the inhibitory avoidance test. Moreover, the compounds did not exhibit any deleterious effects on the animals' ambulation in the open field test. Molecular docking confirmed the results obtained in the AChE inhibition assay. In short, compounds 1, 3 and 5 can reduce STZ-induced deficits and show potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's. In addition, these agents produce significant anxiolytic and antioxidant effects.

Aspects of protection and social vulnerability of teenagers in public all-day schools / Aspectos de protección y vulnerabilidad social de adolescentes de escuela pública a tiempo completo / Aspectos de proteção e vulnerabilidade social de adolescentes de escola pública integral

ABSTRACT Objective: identify and analyze aspects related to social vulnerability of a group of teenagers of a public all-day school with regard to harmful and abusive use of psychoactive drugs. Methods: a strategic social study, with a qualitative approach, was carried out with 49 teenagers of a public all-day secondary school. Focus groups were carried out between 2016 and 2017, and the resulting material was transcribed and analyzed by means of thematic content analysis, resulting in the following categories: The family I come from; Birds of a feather; If I'm studying, how can I work?; Drugs: a non-parallel universe. Results: social vulnerability was associated with unequal income distribution, fragile social relations affected by the harmful use of drugs and vulnerability of public all-day schools. Final considerations: all-day schools did not appear as an effective tool to break away with the context of social vulnerability regarding the use of drugs.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar y analizar aspectos relativos a la vulnerabilidad social de un grupo de alumnos adolescentes de escolaridad pública a tiempo completo respecto del consumo abusivo y perjudicial de drogas psicoactivas. Métodos: Investigación social estratégica de abordaje cualitativo, desarrollada con 49 alumnos adolescentes de enseñanza secundaria pública a tiempo completo. Grupos focales realizados entre 2016 y 2017, el material fue transcripto y analizado por análisis de contenido temático, surgiendo las categorías: La familia a la que pertenezco; Con quién andas; Si estudias, ¿cómo trabajas?; Drogas: universo no paralelo. Resultados: La vulnerabilidad social estuvo asociada a la mala distribución de ingresos, debilidad de las relaciones sociales teñidas y respaldadas por el consumo nocivo de drogas y debilidad de la escuela pública a tiempo completo. Consideraciones finales: La escuela a tiempo completo no constituye una herramienta significativa para romper el contexto de vulnerabilidad social frente al consumo de drogas.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar e analisar aspectos relacionados à vulnerabilidade social de um grupo de adolescentes do ensino público em tempo integral ao uso abusivo e prejudicial de drogas psicoativas. Métodos: pesquisa social estratégica de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvida com 49 adolescentes de uma escola pública de ensino médio em tempo integral. Os grupos focais foram realizados entre 2016 e 2017 e o material obtido transcrito e analisado por meio da análise de conteúdo modalidade temática, tendo originado as seguintes categorias: a família de onde venho; com quem tu andas; se estudar, como trabalhar?; drogas: universo não paralelo. Resultados: a vulnerabilidade social foi relacionada à má distribuição de renda, à fragilidade das relações sociais permeadas e subsidiadas pelo uso nocivo de drogas e à fragilidade da escola pública em período integral. Considerações finais: a escola em tempo integral não se apresentou como ferramenta significativa para romper com o contexto de vulnerabilidade social ao uso de drogas.

Iniquidades de género e vulnerabilidade às ist/hiv/aids em adolescentes de assentamento urbano: um estudo exploratório / Gender inequalities and vulnerability to sti/hiv/aids in urban settlement adolescents: an exploratory study / Iniquidades de género y vulnerabilidad a las its/vih/sida en adolescentes de asentamiento urbano: un estudio exploratorio

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender a percepção acerca da vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS entre as adolescentes residentes em assentamento urbano de uma capital do Brasil Central. Material e Método: Estudo descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativo, realizado em assentamento da periferia de uma capital do Brasil Central. De um total de 407 adolescentes da única instituição do assentamento, 107 foram considerados para o estúdio, 20 deles assistiram à consulta hebiátrica até atingir a saturação dos dados, a amostra final foi constituída por 16 adolescentes. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise de conteúdo foi utilizada para tratar os dados, sob a ótima da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Resultados: Emergiram as seguintes categorias temáticas: sentimento de invulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS; relação de gênero e vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS e sexualidade, rede social e vulnerabilidade às IST/HIV/AIDS. Conclusão: As adolescentes assentadas são marcadas pela subalternidade de gênero, que muitas vezes é negada e naturalizada pelos ideais de legitimação de desigualdade entre os sexos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the perception about the vulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS among female adolescents living in an urban settlement in a city of Central Brazil. Materials and Methods: Descriptive and exploratory study, with qualitative approach, carried out in an urban settlement on the outskirts of a capital city in central Brazil. From a population of 407 adolescents from the only educational institution in the settlement, 107 were considered for the study. Of these, 20 went for hebiatric consultation and, until data saturation was reached, the final sample consisted of 16 adolescents. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Content analysis was used to treat the data from the perspective of the Theory of Social Representations. Results: The following thematic categories emerged: feeling of invulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS; gender relationship and vulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS and sexuality, social network and vulnerability to STI/HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Adolescent girls from the settlement are marked by gender subordination, which is often denied by them and naturalized by the ideals of legitimizing gender inequality.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la percepción sobre la vulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/SIDA entre las adolescentes que viven en un asentamiento urbano en una capital del centro de Brasil. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, de abordaje cualitativo, realizado en un asentamiento urbano de la periferia de una capital de Brasil central. De un total de 407 adolescentes de la única institución del asentamiento, 107 fueron considerados para el estudio, de ellos, 20 acudieron a consulta hebiátrica y hasta que se alcanzó la saturación de datos, la muestra final quedó constituida por 16 adolescentes. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de contenido se utilizó para tratar los datos, bajo el óptimo de la Teoría de las representaciones sociales. Resultados: Surgieron las siguientes categorías temáticas: sensación de invulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/ SIDA; Relación de género y vulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/SIDA y Sexualidad, red social y vulnerabilidad a las IST/VIH/SIDA. Conclusión: Las adolescentes asentadas están marcadas por la subordinación de género, que a menudo es negada y naturalizada por los ideales de legitimar la desigualdad entre los sexos.

"Sobrevivendo": vulnerabilidade social vivenciada por adolescentes em uma periferia urbana / "Sobreviviendo": vulnerabilidad social vivida por adolescentes en una periferia urbana / "Surviving": social vulnerability experienced by suburban adolescents

Estudo qualitativo, teoricamente sustentado no conceito de vulnerabilidade social conforme Castel e, metodologicamente, na perspectiva construtivista da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. O objetivo foi compreender, sob a óptica da Bioecologia do Desenvolvimento Humano, os fenômenos sociais vivenciados por adolescentes atendidos em um Centro de Referência em Assistência Social (CRAS). As estratégias utilizadas para coleta de dados foram a observação e entrevistas na técnica de grupo focal. A amostragem teórica consistiu em dez encontros, entre agosto e dezembro de 2015, com vinte adolescentes. Os dados analisados demonstram a existência de um complexo multifatorial nas dinâmicas familiar e comunitária, que submete o adolescente à opressão ou à superação das suas limitações, explicitado no fenômeno central: "sobrevivendo". Conclui-se que a compreensão das contradições inerentes à realidade dos adolescentes poderá subsidiar estratégias promotoras dos direitos dessas pessoas, o que favorece um desenvolvimento saudável.(AU)

Estudio cualitativo, teóricamente sostenido en el concepto de "Vulnerabilidad Social", conforme Castel, y metodológicamente en la perspectiva constructivista de la Teoría Fundamentada en los Datos. El objetivo fue comprender, bajo la óptica de la Bioecología del Desarrollo Humano, los fenómenos sociales vividos por adolescentes atendidos en un Centro de Referencia en Asistencia Social. Las estrategias utilizadas para la colecta de datos fueron la observación y entrevistas en la técnica de grupo focal. El muestreo teórico consistió en 10 encuentros, entre agosto y diciembre de 2015, con vente adolescentes. Los datos analizados demuestran la existencia de un complejo multifactorial en las dinámicas familiar y comunitaria que somete al adolescente a la opresión o a la superación de sus limitaciones, explicitado en el fenómeno central: "sobreviviendo". Se concluye que la comprensión de las contradicciones inherentes a la realidad de los adolescentes podrá subsidiar estrategias promotoras de los derechos de esas personas, lo que favorece un desarrollo saludable.(AU)

Qualitative study, theoretically based on Castel's "Social Vulnerability" concept and, methodologically grounded on the constructivist perspective of the Grounded Theory. The objective was to understand, from the perspective of the bioecological model of human development, social phenomena experienced by adolescents who were assisted at a reference social assistance center. The strategies used for data collection were observation and interviews in focus groups. The theoretical sampling consisted of ten meetings, which were held between August and December 2015, with twenty adolescents. The analyzed data show the existence of a multifactorial complex in the family and community dynamics, which subjects the adolescents to oppression or to overcoming their limitations, explained in the central phenomenon "surviving". In conclusion, the understanding of contradictions inherent to these adolescents' reality may provide strategies to promote their rights to healthy development.(AU)